Scientists who worked on the Archimedes Palimpsest are using modern imaging technologies to digitally restore a 700-year-old Vaishnava palm-leaf manuscript.
The project, led by P.R. Mukund and Roger L. Easton Jr., professors at Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York, will digitally preserve the original writings known as the Sarvamoola-granthas, attributed to the scholarly preceptor Sripada Madhvacharya (1238-1317). The collection of 36 works contains his Sanskrit commentaries on sacred scriptures and conveys an exposition of his philosophical system (popularly known as Dvaita Vedanta, to emphasize its departure from Sripada Sankaracharya's earlier system of Advaita Vedanta).
The document is difficult to handle and to read, the result of centuries of inappropriate storage techniques, botched preservation efforts and degradation due to improper handling. Each leaf of the manuscript measures 26 inches long and two inches wide (66cm X 5cm), and is bound together with braided cord threaded through two holes. Heavy wooden covers sandwich the 340 palm leaves, cracked and chipped at the edges. Time and a misguided application of oil have aged the palm leaves dark brown, obscuring the Sanskrit writings.
It is literally crumbling to dust, says Mukund, the Gleason Professor of Electrical Engineering at RIT. According to Mukund, 15 percent of the manuscript is missing. The book will never be opened again, unless there is a compelling reason to do so, Mukund says, because every time they do, they lose some. After this, there won't be a need to open the book.
Mukund first became involved with the project when his spiritual teacher in India brought the problem to his attention and urged him to find a solution. This became a personal goal for Mukund, who studies and teaches sanatan-dharma and understood the importance of preserving the document for future scholars. The accuracy of existing printed copies of the Sarvamoola-granthas is unknown.
Mukund sought the expertise of RIT colleague Easton, who had imaged the Dead Sea Scrolls and is currently working on the Archimedes Palimpsest. Easton, a professor at RIT Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, brought in Keith Knox, an imaging senior scientist at Boeing LTS, as a consultant. Mukund added Ajay Pasupuleti, a doctoral candidate in microsystems at RIT, and the team was formed.
The scientists traveled to India in December 2005 to assess the document stored at a monastery-like matha in Udupi, India. Sponsored by a grant from RIT, the team returned to the monastery in June and spent six days imaging the document using a scientific digital camera and an infrared filter to enhance the contrast between the ink and the palm leaf. Images of each palm leaf, back and front, were captured in eight to ten sections, then processed and digitally stitched together.
"The imaging is fairly straightforward," said Easton. The leaves, or what remained of them, were laid out on a movable tabletop. Like an assembly line worker, Pasupuleti spent hours a day advancing the tabletop a short distance, taking a picture and then repeating the process. Each image covered a two-inch (5cm X 5cm) square of leaf. The summer was spent digitally stitching the 7,900 images together - work overseen in large part by Knox, using various image-processing algorithms using Adobe Photoshop and Knox's custom software.
This is a very significant application of the same types of tools that we have used on the Archimedes Palimpsest, Easton says. Not incidentally, this also has been one of the most enjoyable projects in my career, since the results will be of great interest to a large number of people in India.
The processed images of the Sarvamoola-granthas will be stored in a variety of media formats, including electronically, in published books and on silicon wafers for long-term preservation. Etching the sacred writings on silicon wafers was the idea of Mukund's student Pasupuleti. The process, called aluminum metallization, transfers an image to a wafer by creating a negative of the image and depositing metal on the silicon surface. According to Pasupuleti, each wafer can hold the image of three leaves. More than a hundred such wafers will be needed to store the entire manuscript. As an archival material, silicon wafers are both fireproof and waterproof, and are readable with the use of a magnifying glass.
Mukund and Pasupuleti will return to India at the end of November to give printed and electronic versions of the Sarvamoola-granthas to the monastery in Udupi in a public ceremony in Bangalore, the largest city in the Karnataka region. We feel we were blessed to have this opportunity to do this, Mukund says. It was a fantastic and profoundly spiritual experience, and we all came away cleansed.
Based on the success of this project, Mukund is seeking funding to image other Dvaita-sampradaya Vaishnava manuscripts in the Udupi region written since the time of Sripada Madhvacharya. He estimates the existence of approximately 800 palm leaf manuscripts, some of which are in private collections.
CAPTION:
Each palm leaf of the sacred manuscript, the Sarvamoola-granthas, was captured in multiple sections, processed and digitally stitched together. The somewhat blurred image shows the condition of an original leaf from the text, stitched together but unprocessed. The sharper image shows a stitched and processed page after applying modern imaging technologies. Images were taken by Roger Easton, from Rochester Institute of Technology, and Keith Knox, from Boeing LTS, using a Sensys scientific digital camera and an infrared filter.
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The project, led by P.R. Mukund and Roger L. Easton Jr., professors at Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York, will digitally preserve the original writings known as the Sarvamoola-granthas, attributed to the scholarly preceptor Sripada Madhvacharya (1238-1317). The collection of 36 works contains his Sanskrit commentaries on sacred scriptures and conveys an exposition of his philosophical system (popularly known as Dvaita Vedanta, to emphasize its departure from Sripada Sankaracharya's earlier system of Advaita Vedanta).
The document is difficult to handle and to read, the result of centuries of inappropriate storage techniques, botched preservation efforts and degradation due to improper handling. Each leaf of the manuscript measures 26 inches long and two inches wide (66cm X 5cm), and is bound together with braided cord threaded through two holes. Heavy wooden covers sandwich the 340 palm leaves, cracked and chipped at the edges. Time and a misguided application of oil have aged the palm leaves dark brown, obscuring the Sanskrit writings.
It is literally crumbling to dust, says Mukund, the Gleason Professor of Electrical Engineering at RIT. According to Mukund, 15 percent of the manuscript is missing. The book will never be opened again, unless there is a compelling reason to do so, Mukund says, because every time they do, they lose some. After this, there won't be a need to open the book.
Mukund first became involved with the project when his spiritual teacher in India brought the problem to his attention and urged him to find a solution. This became a personal goal for Mukund, who studies and teaches sanatan-dharma and understood the importance of preserving the document for future scholars. The accuracy of existing printed copies of the Sarvamoola-granthas is unknown.
Mukund sought the expertise of RIT colleague Easton, who had imaged the Dead Sea Scrolls and is currently working on the Archimedes Palimpsest. Easton, a professor at RIT Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, brought in Keith Knox, an imaging senior scientist at Boeing LTS, as a consultant. Mukund added Ajay Pasupuleti, a doctoral candidate in microsystems at RIT, and the team was formed.
The scientists traveled to India in December 2005 to assess the document stored at a monastery-like matha in Udupi, India. Sponsored by a grant from RIT, the team returned to the monastery in June and spent six days imaging the document using a scientific digital camera and an infrared filter to enhance the contrast between the ink and the palm leaf. Images of each palm leaf, back and front, were captured in eight to ten sections, then processed and digitally stitched together.
"The imaging is fairly straightforward," said Easton. The leaves, or what remained of them, were laid out on a movable tabletop. Like an assembly line worker, Pasupuleti spent hours a day advancing the tabletop a short distance, taking a picture and then repeating the process. Each image covered a two-inch (5cm X 5cm) square of leaf. The summer was spent digitally stitching the 7,900 images together - work overseen in large part by Knox, using various image-processing algorithms using Adobe Photoshop and Knox's custom software.
This is a very significant application of the same types of tools that we have used on the Archimedes Palimpsest, Easton says. Not incidentally, this also has been one of the most enjoyable projects in my career, since the results will be of great interest to a large number of people in India.
The processed images of the Sarvamoola-granthas will be stored in a variety of media formats, including electronically, in published books and on silicon wafers for long-term preservation. Etching the sacred writings on silicon wafers was the idea of Mukund's student Pasupuleti. The process, called aluminum metallization, transfers an image to a wafer by creating a negative of the image and depositing metal on the silicon surface. According to Pasupuleti, each wafer can hold the image of three leaves. More than a hundred such wafers will be needed to store the entire manuscript. As an archival material, silicon wafers are both fireproof and waterproof, and are readable with the use of a magnifying glass.
Mukund and Pasupuleti will return to India at the end of November to give printed and electronic versions of the Sarvamoola-granthas to the monastery in Udupi in a public ceremony in Bangalore, the largest city in the Karnataka region. We feel we were blessed to have this opportunity to do this, Mukund says. It was a fantastic and profoundly spiritual experience, and we all came away cleansed.
Based on the success of this project, Mukund is seeking funding to image other Dvaita-sampradaya Vaishnava manuscripts in the Udupi region written since the time of Sripada Madhvacharya. He estimates the existence of approximately 800 palm leaf manuscripts, some of which are in private collections.
CAPTION:
Each palm leaf of the sacred manuscript, the Sarvamoola-granthas, was captured in multiple sections, processed and digitally stitched together. The somewhat blurred image shows the condition of an original leaf from the text, stitched together but unprocessed. The sharper image shows a stitched and processed page after applying modern imaging technologies. Images were taken by Roger Easton, from Rochester Institute of Technology, and Keith Knox, from Boeing LTS, using a Sensys scientific digital camera and an infrared filter.
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